![]() ![]() The attempt to monitor offenders became moribund until, in 1982, Arizona state district judge, Jack Love, convinced a former sales representative of Honeywell Information Systems, Michael T. A collection of early electronic monitoring equipment is housed at the National Museum of Psychology in Akron, Ohio. After all, the Schwitzgebel prototype had been built out of surplus missile tracking equipment. Advances in computer-aided technology made offender monitoring feasible and affordable. Probation became more common, as judges saw the potential of electronic tagging, leading to an increasing emphasis on surveillance. Those found guilty of a criminal offense were sent to prison, leading to sudden increase in the prison population. In the U.S., the 1970s saw an end of rehabilitative sentencing, including for example discretionary parole release. Since they do not have built-in consciences to tell them right from wrong, all they would have to do is to push the 'mother' button, and she would take over the responsibility for decision-making." Laurence Tribe in 1973 published information on the failed attempts by those involved in the project to find a commercial application for electronic tagging. government publication, Federal Probation, rejected a manuscript submitted by Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel, and included a letter which read in part: "I get the impression from your article that we are going to make automatons out of our parolees and that the parole officer of the future will be an expert in telemetry, sitting at his large computer, receiving calls day and night, and telling his parolees what to do in all situations and circumstances Perhaps we should also be thinking about using electronic devices to rear our children. In 1966, the Harvard Law Review ridiculed the electronic tags as Schwitzgebel Machine and a myth emerged, according to which the prototype electronic tagging project used brain implants and transmitted verbal instructions to volunteers. Reviewers of the prototype electronic tagging strategy were sceptical. The main base-station antenna was mounted on the roof of the Old Cambridge Baptist Church the minister was the dean of the Harvard Divinity School. The head of this research project was Ralph Kirkland Schwitzgebel and his twin brother collaborator, Robert Schwitzgebel (family name later shortened to Gable). Messages were supposed to be sent to the tag, so as to provide positive reinforcement to the young offender and thus assist in rehabilitation. The portable electronic tag was called behavior transmitter-reinforcer and could transmit data two-ways between a base station and a volunteer who simulated a young adult offender. Skinner as underpinning for their academic project. The researchers cited the psychological perspective of B. Portable transceivers that could record the location of volunteers were first developed by a group of researchers at Harvard University in the early 1960s. The electronic monitoring of humans found its first commercial applications in the 1980s. ![]() For short-range monitoring of a person that wears an electronic tag, radio frequency technology is used. Electronic tagging can be used in combination with the global positioning system (GPS). It is also used in healthcare settings and in immigration contexts. In some jurisdictions, an electronic tag fitted above the ankle is used for people as part of their bail or probation conditions. Electronic tagging is a form of surveillance that uses an electronic device affixed to a person. ![]()
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